isk refers to conditions in which there is a possibility of deviation from a predicted result. Insurance is one method of
 managing risk exposure, involving the transfer of all or part of the risk from the insured to the insurer. Insurance policies are
 typically classified into two types: life insurance and non-life insurance. Based on this classification, any insurance policy
 whose subject is the health of the insured person or persons is considered a life insurance policy; otherwise, it is categorized
 as a non-life insurance policy. Many insurance products within the industry fall under non-life insurance. Examples of these
 include fire, automobile, engineering, freight, oil, and energy insurance. Explanation and calculation of three issues in risk
 models are crucial: the ruin probability, the time of ruin, and the amount of ruin. This article presents the main and well
known results achieved thus far in the field of non-life insurance, with an emphasis on the possibility of ruin, accompanied
 by various examples. We hope that this article can serve as a useful and comprehensive resource in this scientific field.
 Furthermore, we hope it will inspire researchers to enhance and refine existing models, as well as develop new ones.